I own a Tom Denall 'Silent Destroyer' conversion.I call it either 'Sandusky' or my 'Sandusky Silent Destroyer' because of the artwork I have on the suppressor tube. It was drawn for me by the creator of the 'Sandusky' online comic. As you can see below, I'm a bit of a fan. It is very well written and well drawn stuff. If you know the comic then you'll know that combining Sandusky with the words 'Silent Destroyer' is quite humorous irony, which is why I did it.Tube art: Sandusky is on the right and Bunker is on the left.Noise reduction? The striker hitting the firing pin is louder than the shot.Accuracy? With my handloads using a cast Lee 214 grain SWC and Winchester 231 powder loaded to 950 fps I get groups 1' wide and 3' tall at 50 yards and that accuracy holds out to 200 yards.
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(So a group 4'x12' at 200 yards.) Not bad for a fat 44 slug puttering along at subsonic speed and a 6x scope.Why did I go with this particular one? Tom's design uses a non-concentric outer tube so scopes can be mounted lower. The MAJOR reason is that the can was designed to be used with cast bullets and can be taken apart for cleaning to remove lead and lube buildup. The barrel is 9' long with the inner tube permanently attached as it's only a one stamp gun.Want to see a video? Make sure to watch it in high-res.
An of theIn terminology, a destroyer is a fast, maneuverable, long-endurance intended to escort larger vessels in a, or and defend them against powerful short range attackers. They were originally developed in the late 19th century by for the as a defense against, and by the time of the in 1904, these 'torpedo boat destroyers' (TBDs) were 'large, swift, and powerfully armed torpedo boats designed to destroy other torpedo boats'. Although the term 'destroyer' had been used interchangeably with 'TBD' and 'torpedo boat destroyer' by navies since 1892, the term 'torpedo boat destroyer' had been generally shortened to simply 'destroyer' by nearly all navies by the.Before, destroyers were light vessels with little endurance for unattended ocean operations; typically a number of destroyers and a single operated together. After the war, the advent of the guided missile allowed destroyers to take on the surface combatant roles previously filled by battleships and cruisers. This resulted in larger and more powerful more capable of independent operation.At the start of the 21st century, destroyers are the global standard for ships, with only two nations ( and ) operating the heavier class, with no or true remaining.
Modern guided missile destroyers are equivalent in but vastly superior in firepower to cruisers of the World War II era, and are capable of carrying. At 510 feet (160 m) long, a displacement of 9,200 tons, and with armament of more than 90 missiles, guided missile destroyers such as the are actually larger and more heavily armed than most previous ships classified as guided missile cruisers.Some European navies, such as the French, Spanish, or German, use the term ' for their destroyers, which leads to some confusion. The 's Kotaka (1887)An important development came with the construction of in 1884, later redesignated TB 81. This was a large (137 ton) torpedo boat with four and three torpedo tubes.
At 23.75 (43.99 km/h; 27.33 mph), while still not fast enough to engage enemy torpedo boats reliably, the ship at least had the armament to deal with them.Another forerunner of the torpedo boat destroyer was the Japanese torpedo boat ( Falcon), built in 1885. Designed to Japanese specifications and ordered from the Glasgow in 1885, she was transported in parts to Japan, where she was assembled and launched in 1887. The 165-foot (50 m) long vessel was armed with four 1-pounder (37 mm) quick-firing guns and six tubes, reached 19 knots (35 km/h), and at 203 tons, was the largest torpedo boat built to date. In her trials in 1889, Kotaka demonstrated that she could exceed the role of coastal defense, and was capable of accompanying larger on the high seas. The Yarrow shipyards, builder of the parts for Kotaka, 'considered Japan to have effectively invented the destroyer'. Torpedo gunboat.
HMS Spider, an early model of torpedo gunboatThe first vessel designed for the explicit purpose of hunting and destroying torpedo boats was the. Essentially very small, torpedo gunboats were equipped with torpedo tubes and an adequate gun armament, intended for hunting down smaller enemy boats. By the end of the 1890s torpedo gunboats were made obsolete by their more successful contemporaries, the torpedo boat destroyers, which were much faster.The first example of this was, designed by in 1885, and commissioned in response to the. The gunboat was armed with torpedoes and designed for hunting and destroying smaller. Exactly 200 feet (61 m) long and 23 feet (7.0 m) in beam, she displaced 550 tons. Built of steel, Rattlesnake was un-armoured with the exception of a 3⁄ 4-inch protective deck.
She was armed with a single, six and four 14-inch (360 mm) torpedo tubes, arranged with two fixed tubes at the bow and a set of torpedo dropping carriages on either side. Four torpedo reloads were carried.A number of torpedo gunboat classes followed, including the Grasshopper class, the, the and the – all built for the during the 1880s and the 1890s., second officer of the Ministry of the, designed his own torpedo gunboat to combat the threat from the torpedo boat. He asked several British shipyards to submit proposals capable of fulfilling these specifications. In 1885 the Spanish Navy chose the design submitted by the shipyard of James and of. ( Destroyer in Spanish) was laid down at the end of the year, launched in 1886, and commissioned in 1887. Spanish warship in 1890, the first destroyer ever builtShe displaced 348 tons, and was the first warship equipped with twin generating 3,784 ihp (2,822 kW), for a maximum speed of 22.6 knots (41.9 km/h), which made her one of the faster ships in the world in 1888.
She was armed with one 90 mm (3.5 in) Spanish-designed gun, four 57 mm (2.2 in) guns, two 37 mm (1.5 in) (3-pdr) cannons and two 15-inch (38 cm) tubes. The ship carried three torpedoes per tube. She was manned by a crew of 60.In terms of gunnery, speed and dimensions, the specialised design to chase torpedo boats and her high seas capabilities, Destructor was an important precursor to the torpedo boat destroyer. Development of the modern destroyer.
The first modern destroyer, commissioned in 1894The first ships to bear the formal designation 'torpedo boat destroyer' (TBD) were the of two ships and of two ships of the.Early designs lacked the range and speed to keep up with the fleet they were supposed to protect. In 1892, the, ordered the development of a new type of ships equipped with the then novel and small calibre guns. Six ships to the specifications circulated by the Admiralty were ordered initially, comprising three different designs each produced by a different shipbuilder: and from, and from, and and from.These torpedo boat destroyers all featured a turtleback (i.e.
Rounded) that was characteristic of early British TBDs. And were both built by, displaced 260 tons (287.8 tons full load) and were 185 feet in length.
![The Silent Destroyer Rifle The Silent Destroyer Rifle](/uploads/1/2/5/4/125499613/739784425.jpeg)
They were armed with one and three 6-pounder guns, with one fixed 18-in torpedo tube in the bow plus two more torpedo tubes on a revolving mount abaft the two funnels. Later the bow torpedo tube was removed and two more 6-pounder guns added instead. They produced 4,200 hp from a pair of Thornycroft water-tube boilers, giving them a top speed of 27 knots, giving the range and speed to travel effectively with a battle fleet. In common with subsequent early Thornycroft boats, they had sloping sterns and double rudders.The French navy, an extensive user of torpedo boats, built its first torpedo boat destroyer in 1899, with the 'torpilleur d'escadre'. The United States commissioned its first torpedo boat destroyer, Destroyer No.
1, in 1902 and by 1906 there were 16 destroyers in service with the US Navy. Subsequent improvements. Builders' plans for the British, built 1894–95.Torpedo boat destroyer designs continued to evolve around the turn of the 20th century in several key ways. The first was the introduction of the.
The spectacular unauthorized demonstration of the turbine powered at the 1897 Spithead Navy Review, which, significantly, was of torpedo boat size, prompted the Royal Navy to order a prototype turbine powered destroyer, of 1899. This was the first turbine warship of any kind and achieved a remarkable 36 knots (67 km/h) on sea trials. By 1910 the turbine had been widely adopted by all navies for their faster ships.The second development was the replacement of the torpedo-boat-style turtleback foredeck by a raised for the new destroyers built in 1903, which provided better sea-keeping as well as more space below deck.The first warship to use only propulsion was the Royal Navy's torpedo boat destroyer, after experiments in 1904, although the obsolescence of coal as a fuel in British warships was delayed by its availability.
Other navies also adopted oil, for instance the USN with the of 1909.In spite of all this variety, destroyers adopted a largely similar pattern. The hull was long and narrow, with a relatively shallow draft. The bow was either raised in a forecastle or covered under a turtleback; underneath this were the crew spaces, extending 1⁄ 4 to 1⁄ 3 the way along the hull. Aft of the crew spaces was as much engine space as the technology of the time would allow: several boilers and engines or turbines. Above deck, one or more quick-firing guns were mounted in the bows, in front of the bridge; several more were mounted amidships and astern. Two tube mountings (later on, multiple mountings) were generally found amidships.Between 1892 and 1914 destroyers became markedly larger: initially 275 tons with a length of 165 feet (50 m) for the Royal Navy's first of torpedo boat destroyers, up to the First World War with 300-foot (91 m) long destroyers displacing 1000 tons was not unusual. However, construction remained focused on putting the biggest possible engines into a small hull, resulting in a somewhat flimsy construction.
Often hulls were built of steel only 1/8 in thick.By 1910 the steam-driven displacement (that is, not ) torpedo boat had become redundant as a separate type. Germany nevertheless continued to build such boats until the end of World War I, although these were effectively small coastal destroyers. In fact Germany never distinguished between the two types, giving them pennant numbers in the same series and never giving names to destroyers. Ultimately the term torpedo boat came to be attached to a quite different vessel – the very fast hydroplaning motor driven.Early use and World War I Navies originally built torpedo boat destroyers to protect against torpedo boats, but admirals soon appreciated the flexibility of the fast, multi-purpose vessels that resulted. Vice-Admiral Sir Baldwin Walker laid down destroyer duties for the Royal Navy:. screening the advance of a fleet when hostile torpedo craft are about.
searching a hostile coast along which a fleet might pass. watching an enemy's port for the purpose of harassing his torpedo craft and preventing their return. attacking an enemy fleetEarly destroyers were extremely cramped places to live, being 'without a doubt magnificent fighting vessels. But unable to stand bad weather'.
During the in 1904, the commander of the torpedo boat destroyer IJN Akatsuki described 'being in command of a destroyer for a long period, especially in wartime. Is not very good for the health'. Stating that he had originally been strong and healthy, he continued, 'life on a destroyer in winter, with bad food, no comforts, would sap the powers of the strongest men in the long run. A destroyer is always more uncomfortable than the others, and rain, snow, and sea-water combine to make them damp; in fact, in bad weather there is not a dry spot where one can rest for a moment.'
The Japanese destroyer-commander finished with, 'Yesterday I looked at myself in a mirror for a long time; I was disagreeably surprised to see my face thin, full of wrinkles, and as old as though I were fifty. My clothes (uniform) cover nothing but a skeleton, and my bones are full of.' In 1898 by the US Navy officially classified, a 175-foot (53 m) long all steel vessel displacing 165 tons, as a torpedo boat. But her commander, LT.
Fremont, described her as '.a compact mass of machinery not meant to keep the sea nor to live in. As five sevenths of the ship are taken up by machinery and fuel, whilst the remaining two sevenths, fore and aft, are the crew's quarters; officers forward and the men placed aft. And even in those spaces are placed anchor engines, steering engines, steam pipes, etc. Rendering them unbearably hot in tropical regions.' Early combat. Of theThe torpedo boat destroyer's first major use in combat came during the anchored in at the opening of the on 8 February 1904.Three destroyer divisions attacked the Russian fleet in port, firing a total of 18 torpedoes.
However, only two Russian battleships, and, as well as the, were seriously damaged due to the proper deployment of. Tsesarevich, the Russian flagship, had her nets deployed, with at least four enemy torpedoes 'hung up' in them, and other warships were similarly saved from further damage by their nets.While capital ship engagements were scarce in World War I, destroyer units engaged almost continually in raiding and patrol actions. The first shot of the war at sea was fired on 5 August 1914 by a destroyer of the 2nd Flotilla, in an engagement with the German auxiliary.Destroyers were involved in the skirmishes that prompted the, and filled a range of roles in the, acting as troop transports and as fire-support vessels, as well as their fleet-screening role. Over 80 British destroyers and 60 German torpedo-boats took part in the, which involved pitched small-boat actions between the main fleets, and several foolhardy attacks by unsupported destroyers on capital ships. Jutland also concluded with a messy night action between the German and part of the British destroyer screen. Was the first destroyer to successfully ram a submarineThe desire to attack submarines underwater led to rapid destroyer evolution during the war. They were quickly equipped with strengthened bows for ramming, and and for identifying submarine targets.
The first submarine casualty to a destroyer was the German, rammed by on 29 October 1914. While U-19 was only damaged, the next month successfully sank. The first depth-charge sinking was on 4 December 1916, when was sunk by HMS Llewellyn.The submarine threat meant that many destroyers spent their time on anti-submarine patrol.
Once Germany adopted in January 1917, destroyers were called on to escort merchant. US Navy destroyers were among the first American units to be dispatched upon the American entry to the war, and a squadron of Japanese destroyers even joined Allied patrols in the Mediterranean. Patrol duty was far from safe; of the 67 British destroyers lost in the war, collisions accounted for 18, while 12 were wrecked.At the end of the war, the state-of-the-art was represented by the British.1918–1945. V-class destroyer,The trend during World War I had been towards larger destroyers with heavier armaments.
A number of opportunities to fire at capital ships had been missed during the War, because destroyers had expended all their torpedoes in an initial salvo. The British of the late war had sought to address this by mounting six torpedo tubes in two triple mounts, instead of the four or two on earlier models. The 'V' and 'W's set the standard of destroyer building well into the 1920s.The two Romanian destroyers and, on the other hand, had the greatest firepower of all destroyers in the world throughout the first half of the 1920s. This was largely due to the fact that, between their commissioning in 1920 and 1926, they retained the armament that they had while serving in the Italian Navy as ( ). When initially ordered by Romania in 1913, the Romanian specifications envisioned three 120 mm guns, a caliber which would eventually be adopted as the standard for future Italian destroyers.
Armed with three 152 mm and four 76 mm guns after being completed as scout cruisers, the two warships were officially re-rated as destroyers by the. The two Romanian warships were thus the destroyers with the greatest firepower in the world throughout much of the interwar period. As of 1939, when the Second World War started, their artillery, although changed, was still close to cruiser standards, amounting to nine heavy naval guns (five of 120 mm and four of 76 mm). In addition, they retained their two twin 457 mm torpedo tubes as well as two machine guns, plus the capacity to carry up to 50 mines.
Fubuki-class destroyer,The next major innovation came with the Japanese or 'special type', designed in 1923 and delivered in 1928. The design was initially noted for its powerful armament of six five-inch (127 mm) guns and three triple torpedo mounts. The second batch of the class gave the guns high-angle turrets for anti-aircraft warfare, and the 24-inch (61 cm) oxygen-fueled 'Long Lance'.
The later of 1931 further improved the torpedo armament by storing its reload torpedoes close at hand in the superstructure, allowing reloading within 15 minutes.Most other nations replied with similar larger ships. The US adopted twin five-inch (127 mm) guns, and the subsequent and (the latter of 1934) increased the number of torpedo tubes to 12 and 16 respectively.
France's, the fastest destroyer class ever built.In the Mediterranean, the Italian Navy's building of very fast light cruisers of the prompted the French to produce exceptional destroyer designs. The French had long been keen on large destroyers, with their of 1922 displacing over 2,000 tons and carrying 130 mm guns; a further three similar classes were produced around 1930. The of 1935 carried five 138 millimetres (5.4 in) guns and nine torpedo tubes, but could achieve speeds of 45 knots (83 km/h), which remains the record speed for a steamship and for any destroyer. The Italians' own destroyers were almost as swift, most Italian designs of the 1930s being rated at over 38 knots (70 km/h), while carrying torpedoes and either four or six 120 mm guns.Germany started to build destroyers again during the 1930s as part of Hitler's rearmament program.
The Germans were also fond of large destroyers, but while the initial displaced over 3,000 tons, their armament was equal to smaller vessels. This changed from the Type 1936 onwards, which mounted heavy 150 millimetres (5.9 in) guns. German destroyers also used innovative high-pressure steam machinery: while this should have helped their efficiency, it more often resulted in mechanical problems.Once German and Japanese rearmament became clear, the British and American navies consciously focused on building destroyers that were smaller but more numerous than those used by other nations.
The British built a series of destroyers (the to ) which were about 1,400 tons standard displacement, had four 4.7-inch (119 mm) guns and eight torpedo tubes; the American of 1938 similar in size, but carried five 5-inch (127 mm) guns and ten torpedo tubes. Realizing the need for heavier gun armament, the British built the of 1936 (sometimes called Afridi after one of two lead ships). These ships displaced 1,850 tons and were armed with eight 4.7-inch (119 mm) guns in four twin turrets and four torpedo tubes.
These were followed by the and L-class destroyers, with six 4.7-inch (119 mm) guns in twin turrets and eight torpedo tubes.Anti-submarine sensors included (or ASDIC), although training in their use was indifferent. Anti-submarine weapons changed little, and ahead-throwing weapons, a need recognized in World War I, had made no progress.Later combat. Further information:, andDuring the 1920s and 1930s destroyers were often deployed to areas of diplomatic tension or humanitarian disaster. British and American destroyers were common on the Chinese coast and rivers, even supplying landing parties to protect colonial interests.By the threat had evolved once again. Submarines were more effective, and had become important weapons of naval warfare; once again the early-war fleet destroyers were ill-equipped for combating these new targets. They were fitted with new light guns, and weapons, in addition to their existing, and torpedoes.
In most cases torpedo and/or dual-purpose gun armament was reduced to accommodate new and weapons. By this time the destroyers had become large, multi-purpose vessels, expensive targets in their own right. As a result, casualties on destroyers were among the highest.The need for large numbers of anti-submarine ships led to the introduction of smaller and cheaper specialized anti-submarine warships called and by the Royal Navy and by the USN. A similar programme was belatedly started by the Japanese (see destroyer). These ships had the size and displacement of the original torpedo boat destroyers that the contemporary destroyer had evolved from.Post-World War II. A destroyer. Operates the,.
The latter two are armed with long range air defense missiles, the indigenous HQ-9 and the Russian S-300 respectively. China also operates thirteen -class destroyers, six -class destroyers, two -class destroyers, and one -class destroyer.The People's Liberation Army Navy operates the, a class of large multi-purpose missile destroyers. They are powered by pressure-fired boilers, making them capable of speeds in excess of 30 knots (56 km/h). China has started building the packed with 112, described to be of possessing a Universal Launch function.
The VLS system integrated in this type of ship is said to be larger in volume compared to similarly dense VLS systems of the United States and South Korea's destroyer. The class of ships however lack an (IEPS) and this facility is likely to be deployed on an upgraded series which would act as a development platform for new technologies to be deployed in the future.
(Taiwan) Operates four destroyers, purchased from the United States. Operates a single purchased from France, with the hull classification FFG for guided missile frigate. Egypt also operates a single destroyer for training use. Operates two frigates and operate new FREMM multipurpose frigates. These stealthy ships are armed with anti-ship missiles and surface-to-air missiles.
The French Navy also operates six frigates and two frigates. The French Navy applies the term 'first-class frigate' to Georges Leygues, Cassard, Horizon, and FREMM-class ships and uses the NATO 'D 6xx' to place them in the destroyer type.
Operates three frigates and one frigate. These ships are classified by as frigates, but are destroyers in terms of size and strength, and are usually labeled as such by other navies., a destroyer, remains ceremonially in commission due to her historical significance. A of the. Operates three destroyers. These ships are armed with missiles, which have a range of 300 kilometres (190 mi), in the anti-ship role. system is installed to counter airborne threats. Along with the Kolkata class, Indian Navy operates, the and destroyers.
These destroyers also carry anti-submarine rockets and torpedoes. The destroyers have the capability to carry two Sea King helicopters. The Kolkata class will be augmented by the new ( Visakhapatnam-class destroyer) the construction of which was started in 2014. Operates a single frigate. These ships are internationally regarded as frigates or destroyer escorts, but are classified as destroyers.
Akizuki. Operates the and destroyers which both employ the Aegis combat system. Japan also operates two destroyers, four destroyers, five destroyers, nine destroyers, eight destroyers, three destroyers, six destroyers, and three destroyers for training use. Operates several classes of destroyers including the (KDX-III), the (KDX-II) and (KDX-I) destroyers. The KDX-III is equipped with the, and the. Operates a single FREMM multipurpose frigate.
Operates four frigates. These ships are classified by the as frigates, but are destroyers in 'all but name'. Operates five frigates. These ships are classified by as frigates, but they are more capable than a ship the US Navy would classify as a frigate.
These ships are a subclass of Spain's Alvaro de Bazan-class frigates and carry the AEGIS Combat System. Operates five destroyers purchased from the United Kingdom. The destroyer, remains ceremonially in commission due to her historical significance. was classified as a destroyer by until 2001, when she was reclassified as a frigate, but there was never a change in armament, and remains in her 2001 state. Operate the, a class of large multi-purpose missile destroyers. They are powered by pressure-fired boilers, making them capable of speeds in excess of 30 knots (56 km/h). Their armament consists of eight anti-ship missiles, launchers for anti-air missiles and two AK-130 twin-barreled 130 mm automatic naval guns which can fire laser-guided shells.
While they also carry 533 mm torpedo tubes and rocket launchers for use against submarines, their primary mission is to attack surface ships. Their anti-aircraft missiles have a surface attack mode, and both the 130 mm guns and the torpedoes are useful against ships at close range. A destroyer The modern destroyers of the can displace about 7,900 tonnes, can travel at 35 knots (65 km/h), and have a maximum range of 10,500 nmi (19,400 km) at 14 knots (26 km/h). The original class ( Udaloy I) was designed for, which can be seen in their two quadruple launchers of the (SS-N-14), two quadruple 533 millimetres (21 in) launchers equipped with either the on the Udaloy I class or (SS-N-15) on the Udaloy II class, and the two anti-submarine launchers.
The Udaloy II class is Russia's only multipurpose destroyer. The armament of the class has been modified. The Metal Anti-Ship Complex is replaced with eight (SS-N-22 Sunburn). For, each Udaloy is armed with four, mounted parallel to each other mid ship. They also have two CIWSs, each capable of engaging six targets automatically by either its armament of two or four (SA-N-11). Finally, 64 (SA-N-9) medium-range SAMs can be fired from. Russia also operates a single destroyer.
Operates five frigates. These ships are classified as frigates by and carry the NATO 'F 1xx' for frigate, but are described destroyers by other navies. The design of these ships were inspired by the United States's destroyers and carry the AEGIS Combat System. operates a single destroyer escort purchased from the United States for training use. A of the. Operates the, or Daring-class, stealth destroyer which displaces roughly 8,000 tonnes. Six ships of the class are operational.
They are equipped with the UK variant of the (PAAMS) and radar. The Royal Navy also operates a for training use. Destroyers operate in support of, surface action groups, amphibious groups and replenishment groups.
As of 2019, the Navy has 67 active destroyers (DDGs). They are multi-mission (, and anti-surface warfare) surface combatants, with an emphasis on anti-surface warfare. The Navy also has two destroyers, one fully active and the second undergoing weapons integration.
The Zumwalts are less capable than the Arleigh Burkes, with fewer missiles, no usable guns, and a less capable radar system.The addition of launchers has greatly expanded the role of the destroyer in strike and land-attack warfare. As the expense of heavier surface combatants has generally removed them from the fleet, destroyer tonnage has grown (a modern Arleigh Burke-class destroyer has the same tonnage as a ). Their anti-submarine role is handled primarily by their embarked helicopters, which in addition to anti-submarine warfare can also be used for maritime rescue and vertical replenishment. Future development.
^ Fitzsimmons, Bernard: The Illustrated encyclopedia of 20th century weapons and warfare. Columbia House, 1978, v. 8, page 835. Smith, Charles Edgar: A short history of naval and marine engineering. Babcock & Wilcox, ltd. At the University Press, 1937, page 263.
Gove p. 2412. Lyon p.
8, 9. Although the Russian are sometimes classified as battlecruisers, due to their displacement they are described by Russia as large missile cruisers.
April 19, 2010. Retrieved August 29, 2014.
Lyon p. Battleships-Cruisers.co.uk. Jentschura p. 126. Evans and Peattie, David C. Kaigun: Strategy, Tactics, and Technology in the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1887–1941. Annapolis, Maryland:.
Howe, Christopher (1996). The Origins of Japanese Trade Supremacy: Development and Technology in Asia from 1540 to the Pacific War. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. ^ Lyon & Winfield. The Sail and Steam Navy List. Pp. 82–3. Cornwell, Edward Lewis (1979).
The illustrated history of ships. Crescent Books. P. 150.
^ 2010-02-26 at the (in Spanish). Illustrated Naval and Military Magazine: A monthly journal devoted to all subjects connected with Her Majesty's land and sea forces, 1888, v 9, page 280. Retrieved 2019-04-28. Captain T.D. Manning (1961). The British Destroyer.
Putnam and Co. Lyon, David (1996). The First Destroyers. Simpson p. Scientific American.
91 (2). Dahl, E.J. Joint Force Quarterly (Winter 2000–01): 50–6.
Archived from (PDF) on 22 October 2016. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
Lyon p. 53. Brett, Bernard: 'History of World Sea Power', Deans International (London) 1985.
Grant p. 136.
Grant, image, frontispiece. Lyon p. 58. Jentschura p. 132 ( Akatsuki built by Yarrow & Co. In 1902; 224' long, displaced 415 tons, two 18', two 3' guns, four 57 mm Quick Firing Guns, complement 60 officers/men.
Sunk by mine at Port Arthur on 17 May 1904). ^ Grant p. 102, 103.
Simpson p. 100. Grant p. 33, 34, 40.
U-Boats Destroyed, Paul Kemp (1997),. Brassey's Annual: The Armed Forces Year-book, Praeger Publishers, 1939, p.
276. The is classified as a destroyer by France and a frigate by Italy, but both are the same ship with the same capabilities, leaving the true type of this ship subject to debate. 20 February 2010. Www.defence.gov.au.
Frendenberg, Mike. From the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 19 December 2016.
Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url=. ^. 14 February 2017.
Boring, War Is (7 March 2014). 7 July 2013 – via Japan Times Online. Pike, John. 11 July 2018.
From the original on 21 August 2018. Retrieved 21 August 2018. Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url=. Velos is still a commissioned warship within the, but is strictly ceremonial and no longer sees action. Blyskawica is still a commissioned warship within the, but is strictly ceremonial and no longer sees action.Further reading.
Evans, David C. Kaigun: Strategy, Tactics, and Technology in the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1887–1941,. Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland. Gardiner, Robert (Editor). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships (1860–1905): Naval Institute Press, 1985. Gove, Philip Babock (Editor in Chief).
Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language Unabridged. (2002) Merriam-Webster Inc., Publishers, Massachusetts, USA. Grant, R. Before Port Arthur in a Destroyer; The Personal Diary of a Japanese Naval Officer. London, John Murray; first and second editions published in 1907. Howe, Christopher.
Origins of Japanese Trade Supremacy: Development and Technology in Asia from 1540 to the Pacific War, The University of Chicago Press,. Jentschura, Hansgeorg. Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945. United States Naval Institute, Annapolis, Maryland, 1977. Lyon, David, The First Destroyers. Chatham Publishing, 1 & 2 Faulkner's Alley, Cowcross St.
London, Great Britain; 1996. Sanders, Michael S. (2001), HarperCollins,. Simpson, Richard V. Building The Mosquito Fleet, The US Navy's First Torpedo Boats. Arcadia Publishing, (2001); Charleston, South Carolina, USA.
Preston, Anthony. Destroyers, Bison Books (London) 1977.
Van der Vat, Dan. The Atlantic Campaign.External links Look up in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.Media related to at Wikimedia Commons.